A Short History of Architecture and Fine Arts

Les Ecoles d’Art Américaines, Chateau de Fontainebleau, France

By James McCullar, Fine Arts ‘62

Fine arts studio, 1928

The Fontainebleau Music and Fine Arts Schools is a unique institution which has its roots in the United States’ engagement in the First World War. 

At the instigation of General Pershing, who wished to improve the quality of US military bands, Walter Damrosch, conductor of the New York Philharmonic, was invited to organize a music school led by composer and teacher Francis Casadesus. After the war, they decided to continue the school as the American Conservatory which was invited to open in the historic Fontainebleau Chateau in 1921. Since its founding the conservatory has included some of the most prestigious names in music and composition, including Maurice Ravel, Robert and Gaby Casadesus, Leonard Bernstein, Aaron Copland, and legendary teacher Nadia Boulanger.

At the same time the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) Art Training Center led by American Beaux Arts architect Lloyd Warren was opened with leading French architects and artists to provide training in Fine Arts – architecture, painting, sculpture and interior design – to soldiers waiting to return home. In his final Report the commanding officer of the Center, Major George H. Gray, eloquently described the experience:

Our army of citizen-soldiers found itself at the end of the campaign in a foreign land which is a veritable treasure house of art of every description, whose whole history is intricately interlaced with the history of art… It cannot be doubted that the influence of this opportunity will make itself felt in many communities.
Fine arts studio, 1924
In his report, Lloyd Warren, Dean of the Faculty, exclaimed…perhaps for the first time in the history of teaching of art a very large group of students in all its branches have been brought together under one roof to pursue their studies….which defined the program’s unique appeal with studio work, field trips to Paris, drawing and introduction to French culture and the arts.  In 1923 it was merged with the music conservatory at Fontainebleau by his brother Whitney Warren and Beaux Arts mentor and colleague, Victor Laloux.
Since the beginning the program included an impressive array of faculty and graduates who have had a critical impact in their fields both in the US and France. Its early Beaux Arts association was especially attractive under director Jacques Carlu (1923-33) who also taught at MIT. Jean-Jacques Haffner (1934-39) was the last director before WW II. After the war the program was restarted by Jean Labatut and continued under directors: Andre Remondet (1948-57), Pierre Devinoy (1958-1971), Bernard de la Tour d’Avergne (1971-75), Marion Tournon-Branly (1975-89 & 2001-2002); Jean-Louis Nouvian (1989-2000), Jean Marie Charpentier (2003-06), and Anthony Bechu who has led the program since  2007. He will be succeeded by Antonio Frausto in a long line of distinguished directors to lead the school into the next century.
The program has continued to evolve over time from its Beaux Arts origins to new directions in contemporary design. Landscape and garden design was added in 1961. A link with the conservatory was forged by Marion Tournon-Branly and Nadia Boulanger, and beginning in 1975 each session was dedicated to a theme that would allow students to develop projects in common. The inaugural theme Space and Light was introduced by Emile Naoumoff composition Concerto for the Left Hand accompanied by an audiovisual presentation by the architect Anne-Marie Delangle. Today the program continues the collaborations between architects and musician -composers, bringing the two programs together with a creative synergy in addition to traditional studios, field trips, drawing and landscape design.
Fine arts studio, 1928
Fine Arts Founding Announcement, Brooklyn Eagle, 1923
Fine arts studio, 1924
Fine arts showcase, 1924